On my father knew for several years but a Danish study has strengthened suspicions: acrylamide, a molecule that is formed at the end of cooking, present in all foods grilled, fried, roasted coffee, is probably a factor favouring breast cancer.
This small molecule is suspected for years to cause tumors. Long used for the manufacture of plastics and cosmetics, has proven carcinogen acrylamide on animals. Today, this molecule is mainly manufactured ... at home during the cooking of certain foods, containing both protein and sugar. One amino acid protein (asparagine) reacts with some sugar (glucose and fructose) to give acrylamide, a chain of three carbon atoms with nitrogen and oxygen (C3H5NO). This reaction famous, so-called Maillard, works with other compounds but the result is always interesting from a culinary point of view because it generates different aromas and changes the texture.
It is this reaction to the taste and color of burnt out.
In 2002, Swedish researchers have discovered that many foods included high levels of acrylamide: chips, french fries, toast, coffee roasted ... The European Union then launched the project Heatox (Heat-generated Food Toxicants) to understand the health impact of cooking products. The effect of acrylamide was first evaluated by tests on animals, which have clearly demonstrated its link with the development of tumors, and then in humans, with surveys on eating habits.
Three atoms of carbon (black), a group NH2 (nitrogen is blue) and oxygen (red):
Early acrylamide, after a harmless amino acid and a simple sugar, without a doubt daunting effects on our body.
Correlation positive
The suspicions are confirmed, a Danish team conducted a study more precise, this time analyzing the amount of acrylamide present in the blood (and bound to hemoglobin) among 374 women and 374 healthy postmenopausal women who developed a tumour in the breast. After corrected data possible influences of other factors, such as tobacco, researchers have shown a positive correlation between quantity of acrylamide in blood and probability of occurrence of breast cancer.
As the authors of the study in presenting their results (published in the International Journal of Cancer), the formal proof of guilt solely on acrylamide is not given. It might exist other factors, such as other compounds cooking. But according to them, it is already accepted that it is better to minimise the amount of acrylamide in foods.
Thorough cooking is an abbreviated early solution because acrylamide, indeed, does form in the final minutes when arose dark tint and the characteristic smell. Avoid grilling the bread to abandon black or brown french fries too seems a good principle of precaution ...
Other studies remain to be carried out. Car acrylamide has no reason to be alone in question and the reactions of cooking generate many products that are not yet known effects. Will we soon be invited to boil, cook the steam or eat raw?
Breast cancer: researchers accuse chemicals
A group of researchers have just presented the European Parliament a report accuser. A number of chemicals, estrogen, pesticides, paints, plastics ... would be significant risk factors for the emergence of breast cancer. For these scientists, it should better assess the toxicity of synthetic products.
Why is the number of breast cancer increases there as quickly in developed countries? One woman in ten is reached at a moment of his life. Today well cared for, it is often recovered and the number of deaths caused by the disease does not increase. All European countries are in this together, but to varying degrees. The recent French study by the Institute of Health on cancer in France showed the same trends.
For Andreas Kortenkamp, head of the toxicology department at the University of London, who is studying this issue for several years, the environment plays a crucial role in the increase of cases. His work, condensed in a report, just introduced this Wednesday, April 2, 2008 to MEPs by the alliance for health and the environment (HEAL, Health and Environment Alliance) and the association CHEM Trust, which proposed for download in PDF format (Breast cancer and exposure to hormonally active chemicals). Two other reports, of which there are French versions are also available: Breast cancer: avoid what can be avoided and factors that influence the risk of breast cancer.
The report by Andreas Kortenkamp Scandinavian cites research that establishes a 27% risk of cancer linked to genetic factors and 67% higher than the environment. The case of Japanese migrants to the USA is also filed. While the incidence of breast cancer is low in Japan, Japanese emigrant population gradually reached the average rate observed in the USA.
Among the products most dangerous contained estrogen. This hormone linked to ovulation, is already a risk factor in its natural state as seen, "said Andreas Kortenkamp, that the early onset of rules and the late arrival of menopause increases the incidence of the disease. The contraceptive pill, which contains such hormones, the risk increases slightly (but it is shrinking in the years after stopping the pill). The treatments against menopause are also cited.
A chemical environment misjudged
But they are not alone. Many chemicals, very present in our environment, are being charged. Some insecticides, in particular, are part of the list. DDT is in the lead. It is no longer used in France but its by-products are still walking in nature, therefore, in food. The report also cites pyrethroids and methoxychlor, which act on receptors for estrogen. The list is long and includes, among other things: conservatives, anti-oxidants, anti-UV sun creams, alkylphenols that are found in many products (inks, detergents, paints, plastics).
The list is not closed. Andreas Kortenkamp stressed that "a surprisingly low number of synthetic chemicals used today have been properly evaluated with regard to their safety and toxicity." The report also explains the alarming effect cocktail. Different products can add their effects while they seem completely harmless when they are studied in isolation at the laboratory. It coviendrait therefore, explain the scientists who have filed these documents to the conviction of the EU Parliament, vigorously strengthen the assessment of synthetic products used in our immediate environment, in our homes, workplaces or in the agro-food industry.
Why is the number of breast cancer increases there as quickly in developed countries? One woman in ten is reached at a moment of his life. Today well cared for, it is often recovered and the number of deaths caused by the disease does not increase. All European countries are in this together, but to varying degrees. The recent French study by the Institute of Health on cancer in France showed the same trends.
For Andreas Kortenkamp, head of the toxicology department at the University of London, who is studying this issue for several years, the environment plays a crucial role in the increase of cases. His work, condensed in a report, just introduced this Wednesday, April 2, 2008 to MEPs by the alliance for health and the environment (HEAL, Health and Environment Alliance) and the association CHEM Trust, which proposed for download in PDF format (Breast cancer and exposure to hormonally active chemicals). Two other reports, of which there are French versions are also available: Breast cancer: avoid what can be avoided and factors that influence the risk of breast cancer.
The report by Andreas Kortenkamp Scandinavian cites research that establishes a 27% risk of cancer linked to genetic factors and 67% higher than the environment. The case of Japanese migrants to the USA is also filed. While the incidence of breast cancer is low in Japan, Japanese emigrant population gradually reached the average rate observed in the USA.
Among the products most dangerous contained estrogen. This hormone linked to ovulation, is already a risk factor in its natural state as seen, "said Andreas Kortenkamp, that the early onset of rules and the late arrival of menopause increases the incidence of the disease. The contraceptive pill, which contains such hormones, the risk increases slightly (but it is shrinking in the years after stopping the pill). The treatments against menopause are also cited.
A chemical environment misjudged
But they are not alone. Many chemicals, very present in our environment, are being charged. Some insecticides, in particular, are part of the list. DDT is in the lead. It is no longer used in France but its by-products are still walking in nature, therefore, in food. The report also cites pyrethroids and methoxychlor, which act on receptors for estrogen. The list is long and includes, among other things: conservatives, anti-oxidants, anti-UV sun creams, alkylphenols that are found in many products (inks, detergents, paints, plastics).
The list is not closed. Andreas Kortenkamp stressed that "a surprisingly low number of synthetic chemicals used today have been properly evaluated with regard to their safety and toxicity." The report also explains the alarming effect cocktail. Different products can add their effects while they seem completely harmless when they are studied in isolation at the laboratory. It coviendrait therefore, explain the scientists who have filed these documents to the conviction of the EU Parliament, vigorously strengthen the assessment of synthetic products used in our immediate environment, in our homes, workplaces or in the agro-food industry.
trans fatty acids cause breast cancer
A study indicates that the risk of developing breast cancer is almost doubled among women whose blood contains large amounts of trans fatty acids. Already accused of promoting cardiovascular disease, these compounds, which are found mainly in industrial products (such as pastries and margarines) find themselves again in the spotlight.
The city of New York has banned residence in restaurants. The Denmark has virtually excluded from the food. Europe is studying the problem. The AFSSA (Agence French food safety) recommends to avoid them. The trans fatty acids or TFA, are under investigation everywhere. They seem well increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and, according to a recent study by the INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) and the Institut Gustave Roussy, which has just been published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, they would also be involved in the development of breast cancer in industrialized countries.
The AGT are unsaturated fatty acids, those that say most beneficial to our health than saturated fatty acids. Present in animal fat, they promote the production of bad cholesterol, LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins). The unsaturated fatty acids, found in fish, plants and various vegetable oils (olive and rapeseed in particular), encourage them, the good cholesterol (HDL, High Density Lipoproteins).
Some fats convenient
But all is not so simple. The natural unsaturated fatty acids are usually some form, called cis, while those produced by the food industry in general have another, called trans. This seemingly small difference is crucial for the effects on our body. Since 1990, is suspected trans fatty acids promote the formation of bad cholesterol even inhibit the good.
AGT These are very present in our diet. Made naturally in the stomach of ruminants (a bacteria that begin the digestion of grass for the benefit of the animal), they are found in milk and all dairy products, but in relatively small quantities. The main source in developed countries comes from the food industry. The process called partial hydrogenation have manufactured fats from vegetable oils liquids. This technique is used convenient to make a quantity of products such as margarines and spreads. It offers an excellent softness and Conservation at the pastries, cakes, biscuits, chocolate bar, chips, crackers, prepared meals ... The quantities of AGT are sometimes very high.
The difference between a fatty acid cis and trans fatty acid is up to the shape of the molecule, articulated in one way or the other at a double bond between carbon atoms (a characteristic of a liaison unsaturated fatty acid). © Lawrence Chasin / Deborah Mowshowitz / Department of Biological Sciences / Columbia University
The labelling rarely mentions, in the words "hydrogenated fats" but this precision is not mandatory. The industrialists themselves have already begun to look at alternatives but the movement appears to be rather slow.
Should avoid the trans
The study which has just been published accelerate maybe. It targeted the impact of different types of fatty acids on the development of breast cancer. The researchers used blood tests conducted between 1995 and 1998 among 25,000 women forming part of the study E3N. This extensive research program monitors since 1990 with a population of 100,000 women (a cohort in the jargon of statisticians), adhering to the Mutual General of National Education. It is itself part of a larger European study (Epic).
The team of Inserm and the Institut Gustave Roussy looked at 363 women who developed breast cancer after blood samples. The researchers compared the rates of different fatty acids than 702 witnesses. Result: the rate of trans fatty acids seems to be linked to the risk of developing a tumour in the mammary gland to increase by nearly doubling the likelihood of an outbreak of the disease. "At this stage we can only recommend a reduction in consumption of manufactured goods, the source of trans fatty acids of industrial origin. In particular, it would limit industrial processes generating trans fats (partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) "indicate collectively researchers in the release of Inserm.
Anyway, these results are further strengthened the suspicion of the role of the environment and food in the frequency of breast cancers in developed countries
HB19, a promising anticancer and soon to the test
Three teams of the CNRS have studied a small molecule that can greatly reduce the growth of tumors and their vasculature. Its effects seem fairly well understood and that agent shows no toxicity to healthy tissue. Moreover, its synthesis on an industrial scale is easy. Clinical trials should begin next year.
This molecule is called for now HB-19, but it could be known by the name of Nucant, the name chosen by the company ImmuPharma, which will begin clinical trials in 2009. Chemically, it is a small peptide amended (known as pseudopeptide), ie a molecule of the same family as proteins and thus composed of amino acids. In 1998, she had been synthesized by the team of Ara Hovanessian to become an inhibitor of entry into cells of HIV (the virus that causes AIDS).
HB-19 binds selectively to a particular protein, nucléoline. It owes its name from its presence in the nucleus, where it knows that it is involved in the metabolism of DNA and RNA. It is also found in the rest of the cell (cytoplasm). There she plays carriers. It binds easily to different proteins, that accompanies the kernel. It also clings to the mRNA (messenger RNA), these pieces of genetic codes used to produce proteins, and appears to play an active role in controlling their expression. Finally, she moved to the cell surface, where it can accommodate all kinds of molecules, for example setting of growth factors or viruses. In short, nucléoline is a molecule with multiple roles. It knows that it is particularly active in tumor cells and the endothelial cells that produce new blood vessels, including around a tumor.
To study the effects of HB-19 on nucléoline, three teams are involved: that of Ara Hovanessian (Laboratory regulation of transcription and genetic diseases, University of Paris Descartes / CNRS), Jean-Paul Briand (Immunology Laboratory and chemistry therapeutic , ICT / CNRS) and Jose Courty (Laboratory research on cell growth, repair and regeneration of tissue).
We know that HB-19 binds the hard way nucléoline which lies on the cell membrane. Thus riding, the protein is leaving his post and enters the cytoplasm where it is destroyed. To test the effects, researchers have used different cultures of tumor cells. Their work, which has just been published in the journal PlosOne demonstrates that HB-19 prevents the proliferation of cells of different tumors (including melanoma, breast cancer, colon or prostate). This small peptide also inhibits the formation of blood vessels (so-called angiogenesis) around the tumor. The action on the regression of tumors has been verified in vivo in an animal model (mice that received human tumor cells).
The images left (C) show HB-19 (red) immediately after the addition of this molecule (top) and after one hour of incubation (bottom). HB-19 sets immediately to the nucléoline of the membrane (HB-19 binding) and is therefore around the cell. In those below (HB-19 Entry), the molecule was widely distributed within the cell, where it will be destroyed, without entering into the nucleus (blue). The images show the right nucléoline kernel (coloured green). With HB-19 (bottom), the quantities observed are the same as in the absence of this molecule (top), evidence that HB-19 only affects the nucléoline of the membrane. (Image taken from the publication) © PlosOne
A good candidate for a future drug
Of the cultured cells, researchers have observed the spread of HB-19 molecule linked to the nucléoline. It is clear that only the proteins present on the membrane of cells are destroyed. The nucléoline kernel is not affected, which is a good point for use as a medicinal product. HB-19 would affect less normal cells, with many nucléoline in the nucleus but little on their membrane. The lack of toxicity of HB-19 has been demonstrated.
Moreover, its good solubility and its structure make this molecule to manufacture and easy to administer. All criteria of a potentially effective anticancer drugs are combined. It now remains to verify that these promises are actually held in humans. That attempt to ImmuPharma with his Nucant directly derived from HB-19, in clinical trials to start next year. The company hopes that its Nucant same could also be used against psoriasis and diabetic retinopathy of origin and even for the healing of wounds.
This molecule is called for now HB-19, but it could be known by the name of Nucant, the name chosen by the company ImmuPharma, which will begin clinical trials in 2009. Chemically, it is a small peptide amended (known as pseudopeptide), ie a molecule of the same family as proteins and thus composed of amino acids. In 1998, she had been synthesized by the team of Ara Hovanessian to become an inhibitor of entry into cells of HIV (the virus that causes AIDS).
HB-19 binds selectively to a particular protein, nucléoline. It owes its name from its presence in the nucleus, where it knows that it is involved in the metabolism of DNA and RNA. It is also found in the rest of the cell (cytoplasm). There she plays carriers. It binds easily to different proteins, that accompanies the kernel. It also clings to the mRNA (messenger RNA), these pieces of genetic codes used to produce proteins, and appears to play an active role in controlling their expression. Finally, she moved to the cell surface, where it can accommodate all kinds of molecules, for example setting of growth factors or viruses. In short, nucléoline is a molecule with multiple roles. It knows that it is particularly active in tumor cells and the endothelial cells that produce new blood vessels, including around a tumor.
To study the effects of HB-19 on nucléoline, three teams are involved: that of Ara Hovanessian (Laboratory regulation of transcription and genetic diseases, University of Paris Descartes / CNRS), Jean-Paul Briand (Immunology Laboratory and chemistry therapeutic , ICT / CNRS) and Jose Courty (Laboratory research on cell growth, repair and regeneration of tissue).
We know that HB-19 binds the hard way nucléoline which lies on the cell membrane. Thus riding, the protein is leaving his post and enters the cytoplasm where it is destroyed. To test the effects, researchers have used different cultures of tumor cells. Their work, which has just been published in the journal PlosOne demonstrates that HB-19 prevents the proliferation of cells of different tumors (including melanoma, breast cancer, colon or prostate). This small peptide also inhibits the formation of blood vessels (so-called angiogenesis) around the tumor. The action on the regression of tumors has been verified in vivo in an animal model (mice that received human tumor cells).
The images left (C) show HB-19 (red) immediately after the addition of this molecule (top) and after one hour of incubation (bottom). HB-19 sets immediately to the nucléoline of the membrane (HB-19 binding) and is therefore around the cell. In those below (HB-19 Entry), the molecule was widely distributed within the cell, where it will be destroyed, without entering into the nucleus (blue). The images show the right nucléoline kernel (coloured green). With HB-19 (bottom), the quantities observed are the same as in the absence of this molecule (top), evidence that HB-19 only affects the nucléoline of the membrane. (Image taken from the publication) © PlosOne
A good candidate for a future drug
Of the cultured cells, researchers have observed the spread of HB-19 molecule linked to the nucléoline. It is clear that only the proteins present on the membrane of cells are destroyed. The nucléoline kernel is not affected, which is a good point for use as a medicinal product. HB-19 would affect less normal cells, with many nucléoline in the nucleus but little on their membrane. The lack of toxicity of HB-19 has been demonstrated.
Moreover, its good solubility and its structure make this molecule to manufacture and easy to administer. All criteria of a potentially effective anticancer drugs are combined. It now remains to verify that these promises are actually held in humans. That attempt to ImmuPharma with his Nucant directly derived from HB-19, in clinical trials to start next year. The company hopes that its Nucant same could also be used against psoriasis and diabetic retinopathy of origin and even for the healing of wounds.
The effects of chemotherapy on healthy neural cells
According to several studies published or forthcoming in the next few days, chemotherapy weaken the brain. As a result of their chemotherapy, approximately 80% of cancer patients say they have cognitive problems, (known in English "Chemobrain") such as memory loss, confusion and difficulty concentrating.
In an article published in Journal of Biology by the team of Mark Noble, a professor at the University of Rochester in New York, 3 anticancer agents, cisplatin (breast cancer), carmustine (brain tumors) and cytarabine (leukaemia and lymphômes), cause toxicity on neural cells in culture and in mice.
In the case of cell cultures, the dosage necessary to degrade 40 to 80% of cancer cells also damage 70 to 100% of neural cells healthy. In mice treated with chemotherapy at doses comparable to those used in humans (in weight ratio concentration), the number of cell division continues to decline despite the discontinuation of treatment for several weeks. The cells are particularly vulnerable neurons in the hippocampus, important in setting the record, and oligodendrocytes, responsible for myelination axons allowing a rapid transmission of information.
In a forthcoming publication in the journal Cancer, researchers of the Japanese National Cancer Hospital East "Chiba have also shown that patients with breast cancer have altered brain regions as a result of chemotherapy. They showed that after stopping chemotherapy, volumes occupied by cognitive areas (prefrontal gyrus, cungulaire and parahippocampe) are significantly reduced. Three years after chemotherapy, these volumes are identical among women treated with chemotherapy and women made for their breast cancer, suggesting powers of recovery previously unknown brain.
In a third study published in the journal Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, the team of Daniel Silverman of the University of California, Los Angeles has shown that women suffering from "chemobrain" had a change of activity and functioning of frontal cortex, even ten years after stopping treatment.
According to Stewart Fleishman, a member of the Beth Israel Medical Center "and" St. Luke's-Roosevelt Medical Center, these phenomena had been seen for a long time, but now there are some neuropathological evidence of adverse effects of chemotherapy on the brain. A drug marketed under the name of Focalin, usually used against hyperactivity, is prescribed to limit the cognitive problems associated with chemotherapy.
For Mark Noble, these results call into question the longstanding theory that chemotherapy drugs target only those cells dividing fast and save quiescent cells and mature. This does not mean it should stop treating cancers with chemotherapy but we must also take into account the dangerous and long-term effects of these drugs. Noble also said work on opportunities to reduce such damage without interfering in cancer therapy.
In an article published in Journal of Biology by the team of Mark Noble, a professor at the University of Rochester in New York, 3 anticancer agents, cisplatin (breast cancer), carmustine (brain tumors) and cytarabine (leukaemia and lymphômes), cause toxicity on neural cells in culture and in mice.
In the case of cell cultures, the dosage necessary to degrade 40 to 80% of cancer cells also damage 70 to 100% of neural cells healthy. In mice treated with chemotherapy at doses comparable to those used in humans (in weight ratio concentration), the number of cell division continues to decline despite the discontinuation of treatment for several weeks. The cells are particularly vulnerable neurons in the hippocampus, important in setting the record, and oligodendrocytes, responsible for myelination axons allowing a rapid transmission of information.
In a forthcoming publication in the journal Cancer, researchers of the Japanese National Cancer Hospital East "Chiba have also shown that patients with breast cancer have altered brain regions as a result of chemotherapy. They showed that after stopping chemotherapy, volumes occupied by cognitive areas (prefrontal gyrus, cungulaire and parahippocampe) are significantly reduced. Three years after chemotherapy, these volumes are identical among women treated with chemotherapy and women made for their breast cancer, suggesting powers of recovery previously unknown brain.
In a third study published in the journal Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, the team of Daniel Silverman of the University of California, Los Angeles has shown that women suffering from "chemobrain" had a change of activity and functioning of frontal cortex, even ten years after stopping treatment.
According to Stewart Fleishman, a member of the Beth Israel Medical Center "and" St. Luke's-Roosevelt Medical Center, these phenomena had been seen for a long time, but now there are some neuropathological evidence of adverse effects of chemotherapy on the brain. A drug marketed under the name of Focalin, usually used against hyperactivity, is prescribed to limit the cognitive problems associated with chemotherapy.
For Mark Noble, these results call into question the longstanding theory that chemotherapy drugs target only those cells dividing fast and save quiescent cells and mature. This does not mean it should stop treating cancers with chemotherapy but we must also take into account the dangerous and long-term effects of these drugs. Noble also said work on opportunities to reduce such damage without interfering in cancer therapy.
Defense mechanisms of cancer cells respond to chemotherapy
The chemoresistance Cancerous cells can develop defense mechanisms to chemotherapy and become resistant to the medication used. These phenomena are beginning to be well known. They are due to the production by cancer cells specific protein whose role would be to accelerate the release of drugs from the cell or prevent their action. When tumor cells are not destroyed by the chemical usually used, the doctor changed medicine.
Conclusion:
The outlook for chemotherapy chemotherapy is a major weapon in the arsenal of treatment against cancer. Huge progress has been made. In association with surgery or radiotherapy, it increases the likelihood of recovery. However, we must recognize that chemotherapy is a failure to solid tumors the most common in Western societies: breast cancer, lung, prostate tumors digestive and urinary… But encouraging prospects are opening up before us because: _the conventional chemotherapy is constantly improving. _l'accroissement doses of chemotherapy can increase its effectiveness on certain tumors. _les researchers have a better understanding of the mechanisms of chemoresistance which will consider new strategies. _the search for new medicines is being actively pursued.
Conclusion:
The outlook for chemotherapy chemotherapy is a major weapon in the arsenal of treatment against cancer. Huge progress has been made. In association with surgery or radiotherapy, it increases the likelihood of recovery. However, we must recognize that chemotherapy is a failure to solid tumors the most common in Western societies: breast cancer, lung, prostate tumors digestive and urinary… But encouraging prospects are opening up before us because: _the conventional chemotherapy is constantly improving. _l'accroissement doses of chemotherapy can increase its effectiveness on certain tumors. _les researchers have a better understanding of the mechanisms of chemoresistance which will consider new strategies. _the search for new medicines is being actively pursued.
Side effects of chemotherapy
There are two main side effects group of chemotherapy treatment:
A.
The potential complications chemotherapy attacks all the cells of the body being divisive. The treatment works in particular on cancer cells that divide faster than normal cells. However, they are not spared and it causes side effects within an average of seven to fourteen days: hair loss treatment destroyed when the cells of the scalp, diarrhoea and vomiting when he destroyed some cells the digestive system. All these effects disappear after discontinuation of treatment. One can also observe complications Blood (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), infectious (fever), kidney, metabolic and complications in the medium or long term (cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, hearing), which can impose a stay of products responsible . The frequency of complications is variable depending on the product. To minimize the adverse effects of therapeutic substances, medical teams have developed a process to disseminate them very slowly in the body through small portable tanks, or "pumps". Patients who wear them are therefore not obliged to go to the hospital for their injections and can continue to live normally during their treatment.
B.
The destruction of bone marrow cells when certain tumors resistant to chemotherapy, doctors are obliged to increase the doses of drugs. The products address the bone marrow cells, stem cells of red blood cells which transport oxygen in the tissues and white blood cells responsible for the body's defences against infections. The destruction of cells in the marrow is particularly dangerous for the body. Doctors solve the problem by taking bone marrow to patients before treatment and the freezing to preserve it. They then inject high doses of drugs to the patient and then, when the number of blood starts to fall, they reintegrating its own marrow cells after thawing is the technique of autologous bone marrow.
A.
The potential complications chemotherapy attacks all the cells of the body being divisive. The treatment works in particular on cancer cells that divide faster than normal cells. However, they are not spared and it causes side effects within an average of seven to fourteen days: hair loss treatment destroyed when the cells of the scalp, diarrhoea and vomiting when he destroyed some cells the digestive system. All these effects disappear after discontinuation of treatment. One can also observe complications Blood (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia), infectious (fever), kidney, metabolic and complications in the medium or long term (cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, hearing), which can impose a stay of products responsible . The frequency of complications is variable depending on the product. To minimize the adverse effects of therapeutic substances, medical teams have developed a process to disseminate them very slowly in the body through small portable tanks, or "pumps". Patients who wear them are therefore not obliged to go to the hospital for their injections and can continue to live normally during their treatment.
B.
The destruction of bone marrow cells when certain tumors resistant to chemotherapy, doctors are obliged to increase the doses of drugs. The products address the bone marrow cells, stem cells of red blood cells which transport oxygen in the tissues and white blood cells responsible for the body's defences against infections. The destruction of cells in the marrow is particularly dangerous for the body. Doctors solve the problem by taking bone marrow to patients before treatment and the freezing to preserve it. They then inject high doses of drugs to the patient and then, when the number of blood starts to fall, they reintegrating its own marrow cells after thawing is the technique of autologous bone marrow.
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